| 123 | 0 | 74 |
| 下载次数 | 被引频次 | 阅读次数 |
基于里德堡原子的微波电场测量技术，利用电磁感应透明光谱（Electromagnetically induced transparency, EIT）和（Autler-Townes, AT）分裂光谱实现微波电场强度测量。EIT-AT光谱测量要求微波-原子耦合的拉比频率大于EIT线宽，这会限制弱场条件下微波场强的测量和溯源。本文提出利用参量技术调谐微波与原子的耦合特性，采用参量放大的EIT-AT过程实现微弱微波电场拉比频率测量。文章首先通过微波场相位调制引入调控参量，模拟给出微波-里德堡原子耦合的拉比共振效应；进一步设计拉比共振的光谱测量方案，计算模拟弱电场条件下参量过程的里德堡原子光谱特性。基于参量放大的光谱技术，将传统微波强度所用的EIT-AT光谱分裂测量转化为EIT强度测量，该光谱技术允许在弱场强条件下开展微波测量和溯源。
Abstract：Objective The microwave electric field intensity was measured using Electromagnetically induced transparency(EIT) and Autler-Townes(AT) spectrum based on Rydberg atoms. The typical EIT spectral line width is about 10 MHz, and the traceability process requires that the rabi frequency of microwave coupling with atoms exceeds the EIT linewidth to obtain the EIT-AT splitting spectrum with high signal-to-noise ratio. A small rabi frequency will lead to a large traceability error, which posing challenges for weak-field microwave metrology under weak field conditions.Methods The typical optical parametric oscillation process can realize the frequency conversion of weak optical signals. It can also be used to regulate the coupling of Rydberg atoms with microwave fields. Rabi resonance is a typical parametric process. Microwave-atom coupling is controlled by phase modulation of the field to be measured, and Rabi frequency measurement can be achieved under relatively weak conditions. This work investigates the parametric amplification effect of Rydberg atom-microwave coupling through tuning the coupling characteristics of microwave and Rydberg atom by parametric process.Results and Discussions The Rabi resonance spectrum introduces parametric tuning through microwave field phase modulation to simulate the Rabi resonance effect of microwave-Rydberg atomic coupling. For the determined microwave-atomic coupling, the strength of the spectrum signal related to the Rabi frequency depends on the microwave-atomic frequency detuning. Under the conditions of the determined Rabi frequency and modulation frequency, there is no P1 Rabi resonance. The P2 Rabi resonance reaches its maximum. On this basis, the relationship between P2 and Rabi frequency and phase modulation frequency is calculated. Further, the spectrum measurement scheme of Rabi resonance is optimized for characterizing Rydberg atomic spectral responses of the parametric process under the condition of weak electric field. The Rabi resonance usually requires a modulation frequency greater than the EIT line width, and its measurement limit also depends on the EIT line width, the EIT line width is 6 MHz and 0.5 MHz, and the relative enhancement factor of the Rabi resonance is 119 times and 10 times, respectively. If the spectral line width is lower than MHz, as the spectral line width approaches the EIT line width limit, the parametric process gain decreases, and the relative resonance enhancement ratio also decreases. This technique converts the spectrum splitting measurement of Rabi frequency into spectral intensity measurement, and the obtained high SNR spectra can realize the measurement of microwave electric field intensity under the condition of weak field.Conclusions In this paper, the measurement principle of microwave electric field of Rydberg atom is briefly discussed, and the coupling dynamics of microwave field-Rydberg atom is simulated by quantum theory. Building upon this framework, we investigate Rabi resonance effect of Rydberg atoms is studied by introducing controllable parameters through microwave field phase modulation. Based on EIT spectrum and Rabi resonance spectrum modeling, the Rydberg atomic spectral characteristics of parametric processes under weak electric field are simulated. Finally, we discuss the Rabi frequency measurement of Rydberg atom based on Rabi resonance spectroscopy, enabling highprecision weak-field microwave metrology through the enhancement effect of Rabi resonance parameter.
[1]KITCHING J,KNAPPE S,DONLEY E A.Atomic sensors-a review[J].IEEE Sens J,2011,11:1749-1758.DOI:10.1109/JSEN.2011.2157679.
[2]DEGEN C L,REINHARD F,CAPPELLARO P.Quantum sensing[J].Rev Mod Phys,2017,89:035002.DOI:10.1103/RevMod Phys.89.035002.
[3]HOLLOWAY C L,SIMONS M T,GORDON J A,et al.Atom-based RF electric field metrology:from self calibrated measurements to subwavelength and near-field imaging[J].IEEE Trans Electromagn Compat,2017,59:717-728.DOI:10.1109/TEMC.2016.2644616.
[4]HORSLEY A,DU G X,PELLATON M,et al.Imaging of relaxation times and microwave field strength in a microfabricated vapor cell[J].Phys Rev A,2013,88:063407.DOI:10.1103/Phys Rev A.88.063407.
[5]XIAO M,LI Y Q,JIN S Z,et al.Measurement of dispersive prop erties of electromagnetically induced transparency in rubidium atoms[J].Phys Rev Lett,1995,74:666-669.DOI:10.1103/Phys Rev Lett.74.666.
[6]SEDLACEK J A,SCHWETTMANN A,KüBLER H,et al.Microwave electrometry with Rydberg atoms in a vapour cell using bright atomic resonances[J].Nat Phys,2012,8:819-824.DOI:10.1038/nphys2423.
[7]JING M Y,HU Y,MA J,et al.Atomic superheterodyne receiver based on microwave-dressed Rydberg spectroscopy[J].Nat Phys,2020,16:911-915.DOI:10.1038/s41567-020-0918-5.
[8]KUMAR S,FAN H Q,KüBLER H,et al.Rydberg-atom based radio-frequency electrometry using frequency modulation spectroscopy in room temperature vapor cells[J].Opt Express,2017,25:8625-8637.DOI:10.1364/OE.25.008625.
[9]KUMAR S,FAN H Q,KüBLER H,et al.Atom-based sensing of weak radio frequency electric fields using homodyne readout[J].Sci Rep,2017,7:42981.DOI:10.1038/srep42981.
[10]JIA F D,LIU X B,MEI J,et al.Span shift and extension of quantum microwave electrometry with Rydberg atoms dressed by an auxiliary microwave field[J].Phys Rev A,2021,103:063113.DOI:10.1103/Phys Rev A.103.063113.
[11]YUAN J P,JIN T,WANG L R,et al.Improvement of microwave electric field measurement sensitivity via dual-microwave-dressed electromagnetically induced transparency in Rydberg atoms[J].Laser Phys Lett,2022,19:125207.DOI:10.1088/1612-202X/ac9f34.
[12]LI X,CUI Y,HAO J,et al.Magnetic-field-induced splitting of Rydberg Electromagnetically Induced Transparency and Autler-Townes spectra in 87Rb vapor cell[J].Opt Express,2023,31:38165-38178.DOI:10.1364/OE.505488.
[13]SHI Y,LI C,OUYANG K,et al.Tunable frequency of a microwave mixed receiver based on Rydberg atoms under the Zeeman effect[J].Opt Express,2023,31:36255-36262.DOI:10.1364/OE.501647.
[14]WANG Y X,LIU Y Q,ZHANG Q Y,et al.Simultaneously measuring microwave electric fields at different frequencies by Rydberg-atom-based electrometry with Zeeman-resolved Autler-Townes splitting[J].AIP Adv,2024,14:105137.DOI:10.1063/5.0233994.
[15]OUYANG K,SHI Y,LEI M,et al.Continuous broadband microwave electric field measurement in Rydberg atoms based on the DC Stark effect[J].Appl Phys Lett,2023,123:264001.DOI:10.1063/5.0186065.
[16]REYNAUD S,HIMBERT M,DUPONT-ROC J,et al.Experimental Evidence for Compensation of Doppler Broadening by Light Shifts[J].Phys Rev Lett,1979,42:756-759.DOI:10.1103/Phys Rev Lett.42.756.
[17]POPOV A K,BAYEV A S.Enhanced four-wave mixing via elimination of inhomogeneous broadening by coherent driving of quantum transitions with control fields[J].Phys Rev A,2000,62:025801.DOI:10.1103/Phys Rev A.62.025801.
[18]YAVUZ D D,BREWER N R,MILES J A,et al.Suppression of inhomogeneous broadening using the ac Stark shift[J].Phys Rev A,2013,88:063836.DOI:10.1103/Phys Rev A.88.063836.
[19]BOHAICHUK S M,RIPKA F,VENU V,et al.Three-photon Rydberg-atom-based radio-frequency sensing scheme with narrow linewidth[J].Phys Rev Appl,2023,20:L061004.DOI:10.1103/Phys Rev Applied.20.L061004.
[20]ZHOU F,JIA F D,LIU X B,et al.Improving the spectral resolution and measurement range of quantum microwave electrometry by cold Rydberg atoms[J].J Phys B:At Mol Opt Phys,2023,56:025501.DOI:10.1088/1361-6455/acae4f.
[21]PRITCHARD J D,MAXWELL D,GAUGUET A,et al.Cooperative Atom-Light Interaction in a Blockaded Rydberg Ensemble[J].Phys Rev Lett,2010,105:193603.DOI:10.1103/Phys Rev Lett.105.193603.
[22]LIAO K Y,TU H T,YANG S Z,et al.Microwave electrometry via electromagnetically induced absorption in cold Rydberg atoms[J].Phys Rev A,2020,101:053432.DOI:10.1103/Phys Rev A.101.053432.
[23]HAN X,FU W,ZOU C L,et al.Microwave-optical quantum frequency conversion[J].Optica,2021,8:1050-1064.DOI:10.1364/OPTICA.425414.
[24]MARTY G,COMBRIéS,RAINERI F,et al.Photonic crystal optical parametric oscillator[J].Nat Photonics,2021,15:53-58.DOI:10.1038/s41566-020-00738-y.
[25]BISHOP L S,CHOW J M,KOCH J,et al.Nonlinear response of the vacuum Rabi resonance[J].Nat Phys,2009,5:105-109.DOI:10.1038/nphys1154.
[26]TRETIAKOV A,LEBLANC L J.Microwave Rabi resonances beyond the small-signal regime[J].Phys Rev A,2019,99:043402.DOI:10.1103/Phys Rev A.99.043402.
[27]SUN F Y,HOU D,BAI Q S,et al.Rabi resonance in Cs atoms and its application to microwave magnetic field measurement[J].J Phys Commu,2018,2:015008.DOI:10.1088/2399-6528/aaa11f.
[28]SUN F Y,MAJ,BAI Q S,et al.Measuring microwave cavity response using atomic Rabi resonances[J].Appl Phys Lett,2017,111:051103.DOI:10.1063/1.4997302.
[29]LIU X C,JIANG Z Y,QU J F,et al.Microwave magnetic field detection based on Cs vapor cell in free space[J].Rev Sci Instrum,2018,89:063104.DOI:10.1063/1.5029986.
[30]FENG Z G,LIU X C,ZHANG Y Y,et al.Atom-based sensing technique of microwave electric and magnetic fields via a single rubidium vapor cell[J].Opt Express,2023,31:1692-1704.DOI:10.1364/OE.478064.
[31]?IBALI?S,PRITCHARD C S,ADAMS C S,et al.ARC:An open-source library for calculating properties of alkali Rydberg atoms[J].Comput Phys Commun,2017,220:319-331.DOI:10.1016/j.cpc.2017.06.015.
[32]DING D S,BUSCHE H,SHI B S,et al.Phase Diagram and Self-Organizing Dynamics in a Thermal Ensemble of Strongly Interacting Rydberg Atoms[J].Phys Rev X,2020,10:021023.DOI:10.1103/Phys Rev X.10.021023.
[33]NOH H R,MOON H S.Calculation of line shapes in double-resonance optical pumping[J].Phys Rev A,2009,80:022509.DOI:10.1103/Phys Rev A.80.022509.
[34]COFFER J,SICKMILLER B,PRESSER A,et al.Line shapes of atomic-candle-type Rabi resonances[J].Phys Rev A,2002,66:023806.DOI:10.1103/Phys Rev A.66.023806.
基本信息:
中图分类号:O441.5
引用信息:
[1]孙伟,成永杰,靳刚,等.基于拉比共振技术实现微波电场测量[J].量子光学学报,2025,31(03):38-46.